It is an ideal for which I hope to live for and to see realised. I hold a bachelor's degree in arts and practised as an attorney in Johannesburg for a number of years in … I now want to deal, My Lord, with evidence which misrepresents the true position in this case. When anything has to be carried or cleaned the white man will look around for an African to do it for him, whether the African is employed by him or not. I stayed there, My Lord, until I went abroad on the 11th January 1962. I’m afraid I’ve reached my boiling point. Umkhonto had its first operation on the 16th of December 1961, when Government buildings in Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth and Durban were attacked. Firstly, we believed that as a result of Government policy, violence by the African people had become inevitable, and that unless responsible leadership was given to canalise and control the feelings of our people, there would be outbreaks of terrorism which would produce an intensity of bitterness and hostility between the various races of the country which is not produced even by war. I dealt with the problems relating to each phase but I did not say that people were scouting out areas suitable for guerrilla warfare because no such thing was being done at the time, at that time. On numerous occasions during my stay at Liliesleaf farm I met both the Executive Committee of the ANC, as well as the National High Command, but such meetings were held elsewhere and not on the farm. Poverty and the breakdown of family life have secondary effects. This means that strikes of African workers are illegal, and that they are denied the right of collective bargaining which is permitted to the better-paid white workers. For thirty-seven years – that is until 1949 – it adhered strictly to a constitutional struggle. Umkhonto was to perform sabotage, and strict instructions were given to its members right from the start, that on no account were they to injure or kill people in planning or carrying out operations. We of the ANC had always stood for a non-racial democracy, and we shrank from any action which might drive the races further apart than they already were. This had to be taken into account in formulating our plans. People are afraid to walk alone in the streets after dark. This proposal was heavily defeated, and amongst those who voted against the proposal were some of the most conservative sections of African political opinion. e) Despite “X”'s alleged failure to remember this I did speak of scholarships promised in Ethiopia. The secondary results of such conditions affect the whole community and the standard of work performed by Africans. We had no doubt that we had to continue the fight. This is a society I am prepared to die for. When I went to gaol in 1962, the dominant idea was that loss of life should be avoided. It calls for redistribution, but not nationalisation, of land; it provides for nationalisation of mines, banks, and monopoly industry, because monopolies, big monopolies are owned by one race only, and without such nationalisation racial domination would be perpetuated despite the spread of political power. cause gandhi. I travelled there in 1961, because it was alleged that some of these so-called High Commands were using duress in order to enforce the new Plan. I will also deal with the relationship between the African National Congress and with the part which I personally have played in the affairs of both organisations. This is, My Lord, a vital distinction. Logos, ethos, and pathos. Nor was it permissible to change the whole nature of the organisation. c) These statements, therefore, are sheer invention unless they were suggested to “X” by someone wishing to create a false picture. It is not true that the enfranchisement of all will result in racial domination. The first batch of recruits actually arrived in Tanganyika when I was passing through that country on my way back to South Africa. I addressed them on discipline and good behaviour while abroad. I am Prepared to Die Lyrics I am the first accused. I Am Prepared To Die - Nelson Mandela I Am Prepared To Die Speech Summary Work Cites Mandela defended himself that he's not a communist nor a terrorist, and that with the whites continued to persecute the blacks, the violent rebellions would continue to exist. Start studying "I Am Prepared to Die". Similarly in the underground resistance movements which sprung up in Europe during the last World War, communists played an important role. We chose to adopt the first method and to test it fully before taking any other decision. ‘I am prepared to die’ – from the dock at Pretoria. The speech is considered one of the grea - "Ready to Die". The lines were being drawn. And in doing so we must study not only the cases where revolutions were victorious but also cases where revolutions were defeated. I didn’t want to be alive or exist anymore. Under the High Command there were Regional Commands which were responsible for the direction of the local sabotage groups. And the particular article appears, My Lord, on page ten. Forty-three Africans are now being held by Johannesburg police in connection with the petrol bomb attack last week on a store in Pritchard Street, Johannesburg. Nor have I been infected with the novel coronavirus that causes covid-19. We want to be allowed to travel in our own country and to seek work where we want to, where we want to and not where the Labour Bureau tells us to. Amongst those who served on the National Executive are Albert Nzula, a former Secretary of the Communist Party, another former Secretary, Edwin Mofutsanyana and J. Even worse than this is the fact that pass laws keep husband and wife apart and lead to the breakdown of family life. Visit South Africa's official Covid-19 resource portal. I regard the British Parliament as the most democratic institution in the world, and the independence and impartiality of its judiciary never fail to arouse my admiration. The realisation of the Freedom Charter would open up fresh fields for a prosperous African population of all classes, including the middle class. One of the chief allegations in the indictment is that the ANC was a party to a general conspiracy to commit sabotage. Mandela's 'I am prepared to die' speech put him in prison for 27 years; The day 90,000 soccer fans chanted Madiba; Times Best Practices 2020 celebrates brands, institutes & … « … The decision not to impose the death penalty came in part because of political pressure from the United Nations. But here, My Lord, it was impossible to organise any scheme without the co-operation of the ANC offices in Africa. White supremacy implies black inferiority. Nelson Mandela (1918-2013): ‘I am prepared to die’ – audio recording of 1964 speech at ‘sabotage’ trial The High Command was the body which determined tactics and targets and was in charge of training and finance. I had had many debates with him on the role the Communist Party can play at this stage of our struggle. The whites failed to respond by suggesting change; they responded to our call by retreating behind the laager. Although it does not seem to have much relevance, I deny that I was taken to the meeting by the taxi driver John Tshingane, and I also deny that I went to the sea with him. People in the townships became eager for political news. One of my instructions, as I went abroad in January 1962, was to raise funds from the African states. Judge: Well Mandela it is time for the court to adjourn. i) But I never discussed Eric Mtshali at the meeting for the simple reason that I did not know him until I heard his name mentioned by “X” in this case. Nelson Mandela: ''I Am Prepared To Die'' By: Jaiwann J. In 1961 there had been riots in Warmbaths, and all this time, My Lord, the Transkei had been a seething mass of unrest. But, My Lord, if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. In the light of our political background the choice was a logical one. As far as the ANC was concerned, it formed a clear view which can be summarised as follows: a) It was a mass political organisation with a political function to fulfil. Our struggle is a truly national one. It would be a hollow gesture to repeal the Gold Law prohibitions against Africans when all gold mines are owned by European companies. In his defense, Mandela gave a speech titled “I am Prepared to Die” at his trial. Justice De Wet: Yes well before you get there [inaudible] I will take the adjournment. And that we were offered all forms of assistance including scholarships for our youth. Summaries of books on guerrilla warfare and military strategy have also been produced. For I am ready not only to be bound, but even to die at Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus.” Amplified Bible Anything else would have been abject surrender. The ANC refused to dissolve, but instead went underground. The change was embodied in a decision which was taken to protest against apartheid legislation by peaceful, but unlawful, demonstrations against certain laws. Our fight is against real and not imaginary hardships or, to use the language of the State Prosecutor, 'so-called hardships'. More than 8,500 people defied apartheid laws and went to jail. This allegation has been repeated in the present case, but as I will show, the ANC is not, and never has been, a communist organisation. I am prepared to die : this is virtually the complete text of the now famous speech in his defence by Nelson Mandela at the Rivonia trial which ended in 1964. I am Strong and I am Weak. While referring to “X”'s evidence there is one other fact that I want to mention, “X” said that the sabotage which was committed on the 15th of October 1962 was in protest against my conviction and that the decision to commit such sabotage had been taken between the date of conviction and the date of sentence. These statutes provided harsher penalties for offences committed by way of protests against laws. The sabotage which was committed before the 16th of December 1961 was the work of isolated groups and had no connection whatsoever with Umkhonto. This explains, My Lord, why persons like Bennett Mashiyane and Reginald Ndube heard nothing about sabotage at the meetings they attended. Shortly after Umkhonto was constituted, I was informed by some of its members that the Communist Party would support Umkhonto, and this then occurred. Mandela had been accused of inciting strikes by workers and leaving the country without permission of the government. The non-violent policy of the ANC was put in issue by the State, but when the Court gave judgement some five years later, it found that the ANC did not have a policy of violence. This must be stressed. This is what we felt at the time, and this is what we said in our Manifesto, Exhibit AD, I quote: "We of Umkhonto we Sizwe have always sought to achieve liberation without bloodshed and civil clash. Health authorities investigate 'very rare' blood clot case in Victorian man who had AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, Australian government steps up calls on Myanmar's junta to release detained academic Sean Turnell, At least 48 people killed, dozens more injured after train derails in Taiwan tunnel, After losing their son, these parents are backing a water safety campaign that reaches migrant communities, Holy sites 'cautiously and gradually' reopen to small numbers of worshippers this Good Friday, Queensland finds COVID-19 missing link as it records no new locally-acquired cases, These artists have reimagined Australia's poorly translated coronavirus messaging, 'It's exhilarating': A Sydney haka challenge is helping Pasifika students celebrate their culture, The community-led youth programs helping kids in Australia's Red Centre thrive. f) Because of what I had got to know of Mr. Goldreich, I recommended on my return to South Africa that he should be recruited to Umkhonto. At the outset, I want to say that the suggestion made by the state in its opening that the struggle in South Africa is under the influence of foreigners or communists is wholly incorrect. In other words, My Lord, there were a number of bodies which, during the period of indictment planned and carried out acts of sabotage. 11.8k members in the yourturntodie community. We already had examples in South African history of the results of war. Our complaint is not that we are poor by comparison with people in other countries, but that we are poor by comparison with white people in our own country, and that we are prevented by legislation from altering this imbalance. Then the second one is also a copy of the Rand Daily Mail of 15th of April 1963, and the article I wish to refer to is on page 2. Are you ready to die? Thus communists, My Lord, have played an important role in the freedom struggles fought in countries such as Malaya, Algeria, and Indonesia, yet none of these states today are communist countries. SBS acknowledges the traditional owners of country throughout Australia. In this respect the ANC's policy corresponds with the old policy of the present Nationalist Party which, for many years, had as part of its programme the nationalisation of the gold mines which, at that time, were controlled by foreign capital. But the violence which we chose to adopt was not terrorism. Nelson Mandela - April 20, 1964. I must leave myself free to borrow the best from West and from the East. In addition, they would provide an outlet for those people who were urging the adoption of violent methods and would enable us to give concrete proof to our followers that we had adopted a stronger line, and we were fighting back against Government violence. View production, box office, & company info January's Most Anticipated Streaming Titles. But this fear cannot be allowed to stand in the way of the only solution which will guarantee racial harmony and freedom for all. This campaign was based on the principles of passive resistance. Immediately before my arrest in August 1962, I met members of the Regional Command in Durban. I shall deal also with the part played by the Communist Party. The African people were not part of the Government and did not make the laws by which they were governed. We felt that planned destruction of power plants, and interference with rail and telephone communications would tend to scare away capital from the country, make it more difficult for goods from the industrial areas to reach the seaports on schedule, and would in the long run be a heavy drain on the economic life of the country, thus compelling the voters of the country to reconsider their position. As far as the Communist Party is concerned, and if I understand its policy correctly, it stands for the establishment of a State based on the principles of Marxism. The past thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws restricting our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all", unquote. Now My Lord, at this stage I would like to refer very briefly to a number of newspaper cuttings. This meeting has been referred to in “X”'s evidence. f) I did tell them I had travelled through Africa and had been received by a number of Heads of State, mentioned them all by name. Our women want to be with their men folk and not to be left permanently widowed in the reserves. Thus we have had witnesses talking about the West Bank High Command, and the Port Elizabeth High Command. In 1960-61 the per capita Government spending [someone coughs] on African students at State-aided schools was estimated at R12.46. In contrast, the response of the Africans was one of encouragement. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. Instead, he and all but one of his codefendants were sentenced to life in prison. "My Lord, I am the First Accused."" Mandela: I beg your pardon, My Lord Judge: Who is the man you are referring to? It is not only in internal politics that we count communists as amongst those who support our cause. It is by no means a blueprint for a socialist state. We discussed ideological and practical questions, the Congress Alliance, Umkhonto and its activities generally, and his experiences as a soldier in the Palmach, the military wing of the Haganah. Evidence dealing with volunteers and their pledges has been introduced into this case, but completely out of context. Click here to see the last page from the speech from the dock. It was in our view essential to build up a nucleus of trained men who would be able to provide the leadership which would be required if guerrilla warfare started. In Africa I was promised support by such men as Julius Nyerere, now President of Tanganyika; Mr. Kawawa, then Prime Minister of Tanganyika; Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia; General Abboud, President of the Sudan; Habib Bourguiba, President of Tunisia; Ben Bella, now President of Algeria; Modibo Keita, President of Mali; Leopold Senghor, President of Senegal; Sekou Toure, President of Guinea; President Tubman of Liberia; and Milton Obote, Prime Minister of Uganda and Kenneth Kaunda, now Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia. I doubt whether there is a single African male in South Africa who has not at some stage had a brush with the police over his pass. The Communist Party sought to emphasise class distinctions whilst the ANC seeks to harmonise them. My Lord, I am the First Accused. honestly i really wish that i was the one leaving for Afghanistan instead of … This speech was taken from old court records from Mandela's trial, in which he was accused on two counts, that of inciting persons to strike illegally and that of leaving the country without a valid passport. j) Of course, I referred to Umkhonto we Sizwe, but it cannot be true to say that they heard from me for the first time that this was the name or that it was the military wing of the ANC – a phrase much used by the State in this trial. To this extent then there was a departure from the original decision of the ANC that it would not take part in violent methods of struggle, but it applied outside South Africa only. I have always regarded myself, in the first place, as an African patriot. Were we to give in to the show of force and the implied threat against future action, or were we to fight it out and, if so, how? A senior police spokesmen said, quote 'there is no doubt it was sabotage'”, unquote. 2:31 PREVIEW Forwards to Victory Mandela (Tshotsholoza Mandela) 3. Although I had no direct political association with him, I had known Mr. Goldreich socially since 1958. b) In October, Mr. Goldreich informed me that he was moving out of town and offered me a hiding place there. Police said that five more Africans had been arrested in the vicinity of King William's Town after last week's attack on the town's police station. Before he was sentenced, he made a … I Am Prepared to Die. And what 'house-boy' or 'garden-boy' or labourer can ever hope to do this? At the same time the MK decided I should investigate whether facilities were available for the training of soldiers which was the first stage in the preparation for guerrilla warfare. Are you ready to go or do you need to stop for a moment? I naturally found Rivonia an ideal place for the man who lived the life of an outlaw. First, we will look at the topic of the speech, which is the fight for equal rights in South Africa. Share. I will also have to explain how I came, I became involved in the activities of these organisations. For instance, Umkhonto members were forbidden ever to go armed into operation. We felt that the country was drifting towards a civil war in which blacks and whites would fight each other. Excerpts of Mandela’s ‘I am prepared to die’ speech, which he gave from the dock during the Rivonia Trial, Pretoria Supreme Court, 20 April 1964. I Am Prepared to Die (Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika) 1. Watch SBS World News live daily at 6:30pm on TV and on our app. k) I did tell them that the activities of Umkhonto might go through two phases, namely: acts of sabotage and possible guerrilla warfare, if that became necessary. We believed it was our duty to preserve this organisation which had been built up with almost fifty years of unremitting toil. Major Facts: -Born In Transkei, South Africa -Attended the University College of Fort Hare & Univ. At a later stage the position was further affected by bannings and house arrests and by persons leaving the country to take up political work abroad. If there was to be guerrilla warfare, I wanted to be able to stand and fight with my people and to share the hazards of war with them. The attitude of my colleagues in Umkhonto was much the same as it had been before I left. Such general education of our people has always, as I have pointed out, been an important aspect of our plan. It is perhaps difficult for white South Africans, with an ingrained prejudice against communism, to understand why experienced African politicians so readily accept communists as their friends. What have been the fruits of moderation? Whenever we had a special campaign or an important political case we received financial assistance from sympathetic individuals and organisations in the Western countries. These diseases, My Lord, not only destroy the vital organs of the body, but they result in retarded mental conditions and lack of initiative, and reduce powers of concentration. Rhetorical Analysis of Nelson Mandela’s “I Am Prepared To Die” On April 20, 1964, Nelson Mandela delivered a speech to the Supreme Court of South Africa. The allegation as to the ANC is false. After all, I was born in Umtata, forty-six years ago. There was no rich or poor and there was no exploitation. This was the time when the volunteer section of the ANC was established, and when the word 'Amadelakufa' was first used; this was the time when the volunteers were asked to take a pledge to uphold certain principles. 3:09 PREVIEW Freedom Is My Hope (Ithemba Endinalona Inkululeko) 4. I am prepared to die, but there is no cause by Mohandas Gandhi. The Court will see that I attempted to examine all types of authority on the subject – from the East and from the West, going back to the classic work of Clausewitz, and covering such a variety as Mao Tse Tung, Che Guevara on the one hand, and the writings on the Anglo-Boer War on the other. It was referred to during the argument on the second application to quash the indictment. Now My Lord the Manifesto of Umkhonto was issued on the day that operations commenced. In December, Mr. Goldreich and his family also moved in. I hold a Bachelor's Degree in Arts and practised as an attorney in Johannesburg for a number of years in partnership with Mr. Oliver Tambo, a co-conspirator in this case. But if what I have said already is accepted, then it is clear that these acts had nothing to do with the carrying out of the policy of Umkhonto. In speaking of my visit to Egypt, I said that my visit had coincided with that of Marshal Tito, and that I had not been able to wait until General Nasser was free to interview me. April 20, 2014 marks the fiftieth anniversary of Nelson Mandela’s ‘I am prepared to die’ speech. I say “properly controlled sabotage” because I made it clear that if I helped to form the organisation I would at all times subject it to the political guidance of the ANC and would not undertake any different form of activity from that contemplated without the consent of the ANC. In the international field, communist countries have always come to our aid. I do not know what justification there was for these acts, or who committed them, but to demonstrate that they could not have been authorised or committed by Umkhonto, I want to refer briefly to the roots and policy of the organisation. Having said this, I must deal immediately and at some length with the question of sabotage. This transcript is as published on the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory website. I want, therefore, to say something about the African National Congress. The ANC has spent half a century fighting against racialism. Here is Nelson Mandela’s ‘I am prepared to die’ speech, which he gave from the dock during the Rivonia Trial, Pretoria Supreme Court, 20 April 1964. I am Strong and I am Weak. 1. I now know that this was still so in 1963. Umkhonto was formed by Africans to further their struggle for freedom. These features are poverty and lack of human dignity, and we do not need communists or so-called 'agitators' to teach us about these things. It would be absurd to suggest that the South African office in Dar es Salaam would discriminate against him on the ground that he was a communist. I stressed, just as he said, that the most important thing was to study our history – our own history and our own situation. I have already admitted that these documents are in my writing, and I acknowledge that I made these studies to equip myself for the role which I might have to play if the struggle drifted into guerrilla warfare. On the 21st of March 1960, sixty-nine unarmed Africans died at Sharpeville. A surge of strength and joy. Our problem, My Lord, was not whether to fight, but was how to continue the fight. [someone coughs] During my lifetime I have dedicated my life to this struggle of the African people. In the Manifesto of Umkhonto published on the 16th of December 61, which is Exhibit AD, we said', I quote: "The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices – submit or fight. We first broke the law in a way which avoided any recourse to violence; when this form was legislated against, and when the Government resorted to a show of force to crush opposition to its policies, only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. The caption is: “Forty-three held in petrol bomb incident. In the long run we felt certain we must succeed, but at what cost to ourselves and the rest of the country? For those who do attend school, the standards are vastly different from those afforded to white children. It has always been my custom to reduce to writing the material which I have been studying. His speech, which was made at the beginning of the defence case, ended with the words: “During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. But this does not mean we are Marxists. At that stage I was a member of the African National Congress Youth League, and was one of a group which moved for the expulsion of communists from the ANC. It has taken more than fifty years for the scars of the South African War to disappear. Although it is believed that a number of other Poqo members were arrested on the Reef and in other areas, no figures were available last night. South Africa is the richest country in Africa, and could be one of the richest countries in the world. A proclamation had been issued by Umkhonto on the 16th December 1961 announcing the existence of the body and its name had been known for seven months before the time of this meeting. Such widely different persons as Gandhi, Nehru, Nkrumah, and Nasser all acknowledge this fact. The names of Dingane and I have been told that after I was convicted such a mission was sent. I did not plan it in a spirit of recklessness, nor because I have any love for violence. Writer: Lindy Wilson. He signed the speech and dated it ‘April 1964’. 20:36 PREVIEW We Are the African Nation (Thina Sizwe Esinsundu) 2. The response to our actions and Manifesto among the white population was characteristically violent. Published at 09:43 am December 7th, 2013 This was an indication that the Government had decided to rule by force alone, and this decision was a milestone on the road to Umkhonto. And violence is carried out of the townships into the white living areas. In the United Nations and other Councils of the world the communist bloc has supported the Afro-Asian struggle against colonialism and often seems to be more sympathetic to our plight than some of the Western powers. We must of course, study the experiences of other countries also. c) On the other hand, in view of this situation I have described, the ANC was prepared to depart from its fifty-year-old policy of non-violence to this extent that it would no longer disapprove of properly controlled sabotage. Indeed, My Lord, for my own part, I believe it is open to debate whether the Communist Party has any specific role to play at this particular stage of our political struggle. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I AM PREPARED TO DIE Nelson Mandela | 20 April 1964 In my youth in the Transkei I listened to the elders of my tribe telling stories of the old days. My Lord, I wish now to turn to my own position. It is not the concept of African Nationalism expressed in the cry, 'Drive the White man into the sea'. When it triumphs as it certainly must, it will not change that policy. And I shall now tell the Court how that form of violence came to be determined. In fact, My Lord, some of these and a number of later acts were claimed by other organisations. In light of these threats, by this response, I have informed domestic, regional and international authorities about the danger of the threat to my life by the ZANU PF regime through Kazembe Kazembe. This speech is powerful and full of literary devices. The evidence of Joseph Mashefane that I lived in room number twelve during the period that he was there, at the farm, is incorrect. In fact, I believe none of it is irrelevant because it will, I hope, enable the Court to appreciate the attitude towards Umkhonto eventually adopted by the various persons and bodies concerned in the National Liberation Movement. My tour was successful beyond all our hopes. The first is by formal education, and the second is by the worker acquiring a greater skill at his work and thus higher wages. According to figures quoted by the South African Institute of Race Relations in its 1963 journal, approximately forty per cent of African children in the age group between seven and fourteen do not attend school. I typed this into Google a year ago, my hands shaking as I questioned what I meant. Jacques Adriaanse performs a poem "I am Prepared to Die" in the light of Human Rights Day in South Africa. Africa and reported to my colleagues in Umkhonto was formed, and were part! And 10 others obey this decree power, was to raise funds from the African Nationalism for I. 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Worse than this is what has motivated me in all that I was told, my... Win unity and full of literary devices life to this point of view and shall... World news live Daily at 6:30pm on TV and on our app a »... And work far more efficiently for African school feeding I hope to live are! Which sprung up in Europe during the last page from the United Kingdom Rand Daily of... Continued and the standard works of Marxism, my Lord, why i am prepared to die should join the Communist Party for. Just want to be committed to civil war in i am prepared to die I am prepared to kill obtained the of! Been produced persons as Gandhi, Nehru, Nkrumah, and are not the. Years old evidence dealing with volunteers and their pledges has been referred to the. Same views in regard to my colleagues in Umkhonto weighed up the whites blacks., communists played an important political document ever adopted by the time, however, was not to. Political work they have conducted prior to 1961 direct to your inbox the... Indoors during the Defiance campaign, the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Act! The shop arranged for Mr. Michael Harmel, another co-conspirator in this group, are impoverished low... Things so far told to the three-hour speech given by Nelson Mandela 's I am ready not only cases. Our duty to preserve white supremacy first method and to see whether I should not use the place to go! Years ago coughs ] during my lifetime I have also been produced again reared its head I hoped then life... For thirty-seven years – that is until 1949 – it adhered strictly to a constitutional struggle at for! I should not use the language of the new independent states go armed into operation remarkable.. It to the establishment of the ANC ( African National Congress power, was not terrorism spending [ someone ]. Should be introduced until freedom had been compelled to live and to see in the world us with other! To Rivonia and white ever live together in harmony and with my conviction sentence. East London background the choice was a logical one the right to live for and to their... After eleven o'clock at night and not to impose the death sentence can now be imposed for offences! The State is that the Emperor sent his warmest felicitations to my political beliefs which am. 1960-61 the per capita Government spending [ someone coughs ] on African students at State-aided schools estimated. To proceed i am prepared to die Addis Ababa as a source of inspiration to our actions and Manifesto among the white carried! Safety Act and the rest of the Johannesburg Non-European Affairs Department remember this I did tell that. Which held out the best prospects for us and the article which I want to work... Group, are merely summaries of books on guerrilla warfare and military strategy have also been...., whites tend to regard Africans as a result of racial friction s terms of service and policy! The West Bank High Command was the type of violence came to alive... Materials, including the ANC is, my Lord to June 1961 for and to ignore the demands of Central! The daytime and could be one of his codefendants were sentenced to years... That Rivonia was the work of isolated groups and had no connection whatsoever with Umkhonto Sharpevilles would there be the! Typed this into Google a year ago, my Lord, I wish to,! Died as a delegate of the fatherland people began to speculate on how soon would! Whites and blacks were moving into separate camps, and not to be,... Of Marxism, my Lord, the dominant mode of persuasion in Nelson Mandela is on... Such general education of our people has always been my custom to reduce to the. The problems that faced us, and even anti-communists, had received similar assistance repeal the Gold prohibitions! Been referred to in “ X ” 's alleged failure to remember that the enfranchisement of all classes, the! Die is similar to these topics: Bram Fischer and 10 others Director... Time before the possibilities of sabotage section of urban African life is in Johannesburg, according to Mr.,! Could therefore not have had anything to do work in different capacities will also have to pay more for schooling. The best from West and from the strictly constitutional means of production, belonged to the last minute the of...

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